Aqueous Zn^(2+)-ion batteries(AZIBs),recognized for their high security,reliability,and cost efficiency,have garnered considerable attention.However,the prevalent issues of dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the Zn electrode interface significantly impede their practical application.In this study,we introduced a ubiquitous biomolecule of phenylalanine(Phe)into the electrolyte as a multifunctional additive to improve the reversibility of the Zn anode.Leveraging its exceptional nucleophilic characteristics,Phe molecules tend to coordinate with Zn^(2+)ions for optimizing the solvation environment.Simultaneously,the distinctive lipophilicity of aromatic amino acids empowers Phe with a higher adsorption energy,enabling the construction of a multifunctional protective interphase.The hydrophobic benzene ring ligands act as cleaners for repelling H_(2)O molecules,while the hydrophilic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups attract Zn^(2+)ions for homogenizing Zn^(2+)flux.Moreover,the preferential reduction of Phe molecules prior to H_(2)O facilitates the in situ formation of an organic-inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte interphase,enhancing the interfacial stability of the Zn anode.Consequently,Zn||Zn cells display improved reversibility,achieving an extended cycle life of 5250 h.Additionally,Zn||LMO full cells exhibit enhanced cyclability of retaining 77.3%capacity after 300 cycles,demonstrating substantial potential in advancing the commercialization of AZIBs.
Amino acid metabolic remodeling is a hallmark of cancer,driving an increased nutritional demand for amino acids.Amino acids are pivotal for energetic regulation,biosynthetic support,and homeostatic maintenance to stimulate cancer progression.However,the role of phenylalanine in multiple myeloma(MM)remains unknown.Here,we demonstrate that phenylalanine levels in MM patients are decreased in plasma but elevated in bone marrow(BM)cells.After the treatment,phenylalanine levels increase in plasma and decrease in BM.This suggests that changes in phenylalanine have diagnostic value and that phenylalanine in the BM microenvironment is an essential source of nutrients for MM progression.The requirement for phenylalanine by MM cells exhibits a similar pattern.Inhibiting phenylalanine utilization suppresses MM cell growth and provides a synergistic effect with Bortezomib(BTZ)treatment in vitro and murine models.Mechanistically,phenylalanine deprivation induces excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress and leads to MM cell apoptosis through the ATF3eCHOPeDR5 pathway.Interference with ATF3 significantly affects phenylalanine deprivation therapy.In conclusion,we have identified phenylalanine metabolism as a characteristic feature of MM metabolic remodeling.Phenylalanine is necessary for MM proliferation,and its aberrant demand highlights the importance of lowphenylalanine diets as an adjuvant treatment for MM.
Essential amino acids(EAAs)deprivation is a potential antitumor approach because EAAs are critical for tumor growth.To efficiently inhibit tumor growth,continuous deprivation of EAAs is required,how-ever,continuous deprivation without precise control will introduce toxicity to normal cells.Herein,a programmable double-unlock nanocomplex(ROCK)was prepared,which could self-supply phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL)to tumor cells for phenylalanine(Phe)deprivation.ROCK was double-locked in physiological conditions when administered systemically.While ROCK actively targeted to tumor cells by integrinαvβ3/5 and CD44,ROCK was firstly unlocked by cleavage of protease on tumor cell membrane,exposing CendR and R8 to enhance endocytosis.Then,hyaluronic acid was digested by hyaluronidase overexpressed in endo/lysosome of tumor cells,in which ROCK was secondly unlocked,resulting in pro-moting endo/lysosome escape and PAL plasmid(pPAL)release.Released pPAL could sustainably express PAL in host tumor cells until the self-supplied PAL precisely and successfully deprived Phe,thereby block-ing the protein synthesis and killing tumor cells specifically.Overall,our precise Phe deprivation strategy effectively inhibited tumor growth with no observable toxicity to normal cells,providing new insights to efficiently remove intratumoral nutrition for cancer therapy.
As a strong oxidizing agent,ozone is used in some water treatment facilities for disinfection,taste and odor control,and removal of organic micropollutants.Phenylalanine(Phe)was used as the target amino acid to comprehensively investigate variability of disinfection byproducts(DBPs)formation during chlorine disinfection and residual chlorine conditions subsequent to ozonation.The results showed that subsequent to ozonation,the typical regulated and unregulated DBPs formation potential(DBPsFP),including trichloromethane(TCM),dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN),chloral hydrate(CH),dichloroacetic acid(DCAA),trichloroacetic acid(TCAA),and trichloroacetamide(TCAcAm)increased substantially,by 2.4,3.3,5.6,1.2,2.5,and 6.0 times,respectively,compared with only chlorination.Ozonation also significantly increased the DBPs yield under a 2 day simulated residual chlorine condition that mimicked the water distribution system.DBPs formations followed pseudo first order kinetics.The formation rates of DBPs in the first 6 hr were higher for TCM(0.214 hr^(−1)),DCAN(0.244 hr^(−1)),CH(0.105 hr^(−1)),TCAcAm(0.234 hr^(−1)),DCAA(0.375 hr^(−1))and TCAA(0.190 hr^(−1))than thereafter.The peak DBPsFP of TCM,DCAN,CH,TCAcAm,DCAA,and TCAA were obtained when that ozonation time was set at 5–15 min.Ozonation times>30 min increased the mineralization of Phe and decreased the formation of DBPs upon chlorination.Increasing bromine ion(Br^(−1))concentration increased production of bromine-DBPs and decreased chlorine-DBPs formation by 59.3%–92.2%.Higher ozone dosages and slight alkaline favored to reduce DBP formation and cytotoxicity.The ozonation conditions should be optimized for all application purposes including DBPs reduction.
