The increasingly serious environmental challenges have gradually aroused people's interest in electric vehicles.Over the last decade,governments and automakers have collaborated on the manufacturing of electric vehicles with high performance.Cutting-edge battery technologies are pivotal for the performance of electric vehicles.Zn-air batteries are considered as potential power batteries for electric vehicles due to their high capacity.Zn-air battery researches can be classified into three categories:primary batteries,mechanically rechargeable batteries,and chemically rechargeable batteries.The majority of current studies aim at developing and improving chemically rechargeable and mechanically rechargeable Zn-air batteries.Researchers have tried to use catalytic materials design and device design for Zn-air batteries to make it possible for their applications in electric vehicles.This review will highlight the state-of-the-art in primary batteries,mechanically rechargeable batteries,and chemically rechargeable batteries,revealing the prospects of Zn-air batteries for electric vehicles.
Organic electrode materials take advantages of potentially sustainable production and structural tunability compared with present commercial inorganic electrode materials.However,their applications in traditional rechargeable batteries with nonaqueous electrolytes suffer from the premature failure and safety concerns.In comparison,aqueous rechargeable batteries based on organic electrode materials have received extensive attentions in recent years for low-cost and sustainable energy storage systems due to their inherent safety.This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary on the recent progress in advanced organic electrode materials for aqueous rechargeable batteries.We start from the overview of working principles and general design strategies of organic electrode materials in aqueous rechargeable batteries.Then the research advances of organic electrode materials in various aqueous rechargeable batteries are highlighted in terms of charge carriers(monovalent ions,multivalent ions,and anions).We emphasized the characteristics of organic electrode materials in various charge carriers.Finally,the critical challenges and future efforts of aqueous organic rechargeable batteries are discussed.More organic electrode materials with better electronic conductivity and fast reaction kinetics are still needed to build advanced aqueous batteries for commercial applications.
Rechargeable aqueous metal-ion batteries(AMBs)have attracted extensive scientific and commercial interest due to their potential for cost-effective,highly safe,and scalable stationary energy storage.However,their limited output voltage,inadequate energy density,and poor reversibility of ambiguous electrode reactions in aqueous electrolytes strongly limit their practical viability.This review aims to elucidate the challenges of existing AMBs from the material design to whole device applications.We summarize the emerging electrochemistry,fundamental properties,and key issues in interfacial behaviors of various classes of prevailing AMBs,including aqueous alkali metal-ion batteries and multivalent-ion batteries,and present an appraisal of recent advances for addressing the performance deficiency.Specifically,the progress of zinc-ion batteries is highlighted to provide a ubiquitous guideline for their commercialization in the grid-scale energy storage.Finally,we figure out the dominating general challenges for achieving high-performance AMBs,laying out a perspective for future breakthroughs.
Yang LiXin ZhaoYifu GaoYichen DingZhichun SiLiubing DongDong ZhouFeiyu Kang
Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li. Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO4, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.
Solid-state batteries that employ solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)to replace routine liquid electrolytes are considered to be one of the most promising solutions for achieving high-safety lithium metal batteries.SSEs with high mechanical modulus,thermal stability,and non-flammability can not only inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites but also enhance the safety of lithium metal batteries.However,several internal materials/electrodes-related thermal hazards demonstrated by recent works show that solid-state lithium metal batteries(SSLMBs)are not impenetrable.Therefore,understanding the potential thermal hazards of SSLMBs is critical for their more secure and widespread applications.In this contribution,we provide a comprehensive overview of the thermal failure mechanism of SSLMBs from materials to devices.Also,strategies to improve the thermal safety performance of SSLMBs are included from the view of material enhancement,battery design,and external management.Consequently,the future directions are further provided.We hope that this work can shed bright insights into the path of constructing energy storage devices with high energy density and safety.
储能电池具有能够平滑可再生能源输出,提高电力系统灵活性和应对电力需求峰谷等优势,有助于推动可再生能源发展,从而应对环境污染和能源紧缺的双重压力。目前市场主流的储能电池为锂离子电池,具有高比能特性,同时新型储能电池也在蓬勃发展,其中全钒液流电池具有高安全性的优势,液态金属电池具有超长循环寿命,在电力储能领域具有重要应用前景。储能电池的建模和状态估计对提高储能电池系统性能,确保其安全性以及优化维护效率至关重要,因此文中对锂离子电池、全钒液流电池和液态金属电池的建模和状态估计进行综述。首先,介绍了储能电池状态估计的整体框架,对基于实验的方法、基于模型的方法和基于数据驱动的方法进行整体介绍,并对荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)、健康状态(state of health,SOH)和剩余使用寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)进行概括;然后,从原理出发,分别总结了不同储能电池体系的内部工作过程、模型构建、状态估计与电池管理过程;最后,对不同储能电池体系的主要工作特性进行横向对比和总结,旨在为储能电池选择和发展提供启示。
The advancement of lithium-based batteries has spurred anticipation for enhanced energy density,extended cycle life and reduced capacity degradation.However,these benefits are accompanied by potential risks,such as thermal runaway and explosions due to higher energy density.Currently,liquid organic electrolytes are the predominant choice for lithium batteries,despite their limitations in terms of mechanical strength and vulnerability to leakage.The development of polymer electrolytes,with their high Young’s modulus and enhanced safety features,offers a potential solution to the drawbacks of traditional liquid electrolytes.Despite these advantages,polymer electrolytes are still susceptible to burning and decomposition.To address this issue,researchers have conducted extensive studies to improve their flame-retardant properties from various perspectives.This review provides a concise overview of the thermal runaway mechanisms,flame-retardant mechanisms and electrochemical performance of polymer electrolytes.It also outlines the advancements in flame-retardant polymer electrolytes through the incorporation of various additives and the selection of inherently flame-retardant matrix.This review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of flame-retardant polymer electrolytes and serve as a guide for future research in this field.
Xiao MaYang LuYu OuShuaishuai YanWenhui HouPan ZhouKai Liu
Recently,rechargeable aqueous zinc-based batteries using manganese oxide as the cathode(e.g.,MnO_(2))have gained attention due to their inherent safety,environmental friendliness,and low cost.Despite their potential,achieving high energy density in Zn||MnO_(2)batteries remains challenging,highlighting the need to understand the electrochemical reaction mechanisms underlying these batteries more deeply and optimize battery components,including electrodes and electrolytes.This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements for understanding the electrochemistry reaction mechanisms and designing electrodes and electrolytes for Zn||MnO_(2)batteries in mildly and strongly acidic environments.Furthermore,we highlight the key challenges hindering the extensive application of Zn||MnO_(2)batteries,including high-voltage requirements and areal capacity,and propose innovative solutions to overcome these challenges.We suggest that MnO_(2)/Mn^(2+)conversion in neutral electrolytes is a crucial aspect that needs to be addressed to achieve high-performance Zn||MnO_(2)batteries.These approaches could lead to breakthroughs in the future development of Zn||MnO_(2)batteries,off ering a more sustainable,costeff ective,and high-performance alternative to traditional batteries.
Due to the high theoretical specific capacity(1675 mAh·g^(-1)),low cost,and high safety of the sulfur cathodes,they are expected to be one of the most promising rivals for a new generation of energy storage systems.However,the shuttle effect,low conductivity of sulfur and its discharge products,volume expansion,and other factors hinder the commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs).The development of sulfur-fixing materials and the design of multifunctional materials to enhance the electrochemical performance of LSBs have been the main research priorities in recent years.Because of the advantages of high conductivity,built-in electric field,and good synergism,more and more researchers have employed heterostructure into sulfur-fixing materials to enhance the catalytic and absorption ability for polysulfides.In this review,the principle of heterostructure and the mechanism of enhancing the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries are described.The applications of heterostructure in cathode and interlayer of LSBs in the latest years are summarized.Finally,the cutting-edge troubles and possibilities of heterostructures in LSBs are briefly presented.
The specific energy of Li metal batteries(LMBs)can be improved by using high‐voltage cathode materials;however,achieving long‐term stable cycling performance in the corresponding system is particularly challenging for the liquid electrolyte.Herein,a novel pseudo‐oversaturated electrolyte(POSE)is prepared by introducing 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether(TTE)to adjust the coordination structure between diglyme(G2)and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI).Surprisingly,although TTE shows little solubility to LiTFSI,the molar ratio between LiTFSI and G2 in the POSE can be increased to 1:1,which is much higher than that of the saturation state,1:2.8.Simulation and experimental results prove that TTE promotes closer contact of the G2 molecular with Li^(+)in the POSE.Moreover,it also participates in the formation of electrolyte/electrode interphases.The electrolyte shows outstanding compatibility with both the Li metal anode and typical high‐voltage cathodes.Li||Li symmetric cells show a long life of more than 2000 h at 1 mA cm^(−2),1 mAh cm^(−2).In the meantime,Li||LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)cell with the POSE shows a high reversible capacity of 134.8 mAh g^(−1 )after 900 cycles at 4.5 V,1 C rate.The concept of POSE can provide new insight into the Li^(+)solvation structure and in the design of advanced electrolytes for LMBs.
